临床意义 :
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.原始细胞比例超过
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%
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通常被认为是急性
白血病的主要诊断标准
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如果这些细胞过氧化物酶染色(POX)阳性
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则考虑为急性非淋巴细胞
白血病
包括粒细胞
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单核细胞和粒
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单核细胞
白血病;如果这些原始细胞POX阴性
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而糖原染色(PAS)阳性
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则考虑为急性淋巴细胞
白血病
红
白血病或巨核细胞
白血病
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.粒细胞异常增多
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以成熟阶段为主
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如果中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶染色(NAP)染色阳性值高的考虑感染引起的类
白血病反应(是
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种强烈的炎症反应
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而不是
白血病)
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而阳性值低的或阴性的被认为是
慢性粒细胞白血病
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.红细胞系统 增生明显
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多为增生性贫血
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其中红细胞颜色变浅
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体积变小的往往提示缺铁性贫血;而体积增大
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早期红细胞增多的可能是巨幼细胞贫血;红细胞大小不等且伴有各种异常形态的往往是
溶血性贫血
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. 粒细胞
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红细胞均减少
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巨核细胞也减少
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而淋巴细胞比例增高 可能是
再生障碍性贫血;而单纯某
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个系统的血细胞减少往往是单纯性单个血细胞系统的再生障碍
29、中性粒细胞计数
介 绍 :
白细胞分类计数
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是指对不同类型的白细胞分别计数并计算百分比
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临床意义 :
增多:见于急性化脓性细菌感染
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粒细胞
白血病
急性出血
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严重组织损伤或血细胞破坏
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败血症
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心肌梗死
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尿毒症
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糖尿病酮症酸中毒及等
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减低:见于伤寒
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副伤寒
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病毒性感染
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疟疾
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粒细胞缺乏症
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化学药物中毒
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X线和放射线照射
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抗癌药物治疗
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自身免疫性疾病和脾功能亢进等
30、血小板计数(PLT)
介 绍 :
血小板计数
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指单位体积血液中所含的血小板数目
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血小板是血液中最小的细胞
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可保护毛细血管的完整性
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临床意义 :
血小板计数有助于临床上止血和血栓性疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断
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增多:见于原发性
血小板增多症
慢性粒细胞白血病
真性红细胞增多症
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急性大出血
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急性溶血
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恶性肿瘤
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感染
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缺氧
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创伤
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骨折等
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减少:见于以下情况:
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.血小板生成减少(见于急性
白血病和
再生障碍性贫血等)
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.血小板破坏过多(见于原发性
血小板减少性
紫癜
脾功能亢进等疾病)
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.血小板消耗增加(见于弥散性血管内凝血
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血栓性
血小板减少性
紫癜等)
31、血小板平均体积(MPV)
介 绍 :
血小板平均体积代表单个血小板的平均体积
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结合PLT变化分析其意义则更有价值
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临床意义 :
血小板平均体积增多
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见于血小板破坏过多而骨髓代偿功能良好者
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是造血功能抑制排除后首先反映造血功能恢复的指标
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血小板平均体积减少
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见于骨髓造血功能不良
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血小板生成减少
32、血小板分布宽度(PDW)
介 绍 :
血小板分布宽度是反映血液内血小板比容变异的参数
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血小板分布宽度若在正常范围内提示血小板比容均
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性
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临床意义 :
血小板分布宽度增多
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提示血小板体积大小不均
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个体间相差悬殊;
血小板分布宽度减少
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提示
血小板减少
33、网织红细胞计数(RC)
介 绍 :
网织红细胞是没有完全成熟的红细胞
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该细胞内残存的核糖核酸经特殊染色后成“网状”结构
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临床意义 :
网织红细胞计数增多
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表示骨髓造血功能旺盛
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见于
溶血性贫血
出血性贫血
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恶性贫血
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以及缺铁性贫血和巨幼细胞贫血治疗有效时
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网织红细胞计数降低
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见于
再生障碍性贫血
34、网织红细胞生成指数(RPI)
介 绍 :
网织红细胞是没有完全成熟的红细胞
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该细胞内残存的核糖核酸经特殊染色后成网状结构
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临床意义 :
网织红细胞生成指数>
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时提示
溶血性贫血或急性失血性贫血;
网织红细胞生成指数减少表明骨髓增生低下或红细胞系成熟因障碍所致的贫血
35、红细胞沉降率(ESR)
介 绍 :
血液加抗凝剂后
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置于特制的玻璃管中
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测定红细胞在
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定时间内下降的距离
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称为红细胞沉降率
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简称血沉
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正 常 值 :
男性
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~
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mm/h;女性
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~
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mm/h
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临床意义 :
生理性增高:见于妊娠
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个月至产后
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个月
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年幼小儿
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岁以上老人
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病理性增高:见于各种炎症
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贫血
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恶性肿瘤
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大面积组织损伤或坏死(如心肌梗死
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手术创伤等)
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严重肾病
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高胆固醇
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高球蛋白血症
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结核病和风湿病活动期等
36、自身溶血试验
介 绍 :
体外将红细胞置
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℃环境中
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红细胞团能量消耗最终破坏
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即发生溶血
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正常人会有轻微溶血
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正 常 值 :
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h不加葡萄糖管溶血率小于
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.
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%;加葡萄糖或加ATP管溶血率小于
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.
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%
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临床意义 :
本试验主要用于
溶血性贫血的病因诊断
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a)遗传性球形红细胞增多症明显增高
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并可用葡萄糖和ATP纠正
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b)其他遗传性非球形红细胞
溶血性贫血也可增高
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并分别可被葡萄糖或ATP纠正
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c)丙酮酸激酶缺乏症
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自身免疫性
溶血性贫血
阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症
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药物性溶血等增高
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加葡萄糖不能纠正
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加ATP能纠正
37、酸溶血试验
介 绍 :
酸溶血试验
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又称Ham试验
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指病人红细胞与酸化后的血清
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起置
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℃环境中作用
正 常 值 :
阴性
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临床意义 :
酸溶血试验是诊断阵发性睡眠性
血红蛋白尿症的主要确诊试验
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阳性见于阵发性睡眠性
血红蛋白尿症
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遗传性球形红细胞增多症
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自身免疫性
溶血性贫血等
38、血红蛋白A2(HbA2)
临床意义 :
血红蛋白A
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增多见于轻型β珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血
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红细胞发生破坏
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即为阳性
39、交叉配血试验
介 绍 :
交叉配血试验
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是指用受血者血清与供血者红细胞(主试验)以及受血者红细胞与供血者血清(副试验)交叉
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正 常 值 :
主试验和副试验均不出现凝集(也不溶血)即说明受血者和供血者ABO
血型相配
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临床意义 :
在血型鉴定的基础上
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通过交叉配血试验进
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步证实受血者和供血者之间不存在血型不合的抗原
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抗体反应
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以保证受血者的输血安全。
40、血小板黏附试验(PAdT)
介 绍 :
血小板黏附是指血小板黏附于异物表面
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是血小板的
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项重要的止血功能
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正 常 值 :
a)玻璃球法:男性
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.
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%±
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.
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%;女性
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.
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%±
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.
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%;
b)玻璃珠柱法:
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.
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%±
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%;
c)玻璃滤器法:
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.
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%±
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.
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%
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临床意义 :
血小板黏附试验反映血小板的黏附功能
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结果升高见于高凝状态及血栓性疾病
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如心肌梗死
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心绞痛
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脑血管疾病
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糖尿病
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深静脉血栓形成
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肾小球肾炎及妊娠高血压综合征等
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结果降低见于血管性血友病
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巨大血小板综合征
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以及肝硬化
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尿毒症
骨髓增生异常综合征
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服用血小板抑制药物及进食鱼油后等
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特别说明:测定前
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天内不宜服用阿司匹林
41、血小板相关免疫球蛋白(PAIg)
介 绍 :
血小板相关免疫球蛋白
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又称血小板相关抗体
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是病人体内的自身抗血小板抗体
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包括PAIgG
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PAIgA
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PAIgM
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正 常 值 :
PAIgG升高对原发性
血小板减少性
紫癜具有确诊的意义
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而其他
血小板减少性
紫癜往往
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项指标都高
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PAIgG增高见于:特发性
血小板减少性
紫癜;某些免疫性疾病如系统性红斑狼疮;慢性活动性肝炎;多发性
骨髓瘤;以及
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些免疫复合物引起的疾病
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PAIgG减少见于:发性
血小板减少性
紫癜患者经激素治疗有效;PAIgG在两周内下降者预后较好
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临床意义 :
PAIgG:
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~
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.
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ng/
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血小板;
PAIgM:
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~
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ng/l
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血小板;
PAIgA:
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ng/
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血小板
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